2Background and Objectives: The optimal food basket is a scientific and powerful tool for developing food and nutrition policies, executive planning and assessment of programs to ensure food security and maintain the nutritional health of the community. This cross-sectional study was carried out with the aim of a) revising the optimal food basket of Iranians-2013 based on the principles of sustainable food and nutrition systems as a guide for policy making in the field of food and nutrition; and b) compiling a thrifty optimal food basket of Iran-2023 as a necessary tool in welfare and social support studies and planning.  Materials & Methods: After collecting opinions of experts and stakeholders from various fields, data of the reports on the comprehensive study of the food consumption patterns and the nutritional status of the Iranian households and individuals, 2017–2018, and information of the statistics center (quantity of consumption of food groups by people, quantitative share of food items, average and price range of food groups, necessary quantities of energy, macronutrients and micronutrients) as well as the Iranian food composition table were used as inputs of the model. Energy, protein and nutrients were defined for age and sex groups based on the latest WHO/FAO references as 100% of the energy needs in the optimal food basket, at least 95% of the energy requirements and 80% of the key nutrients (vitamin B2, vitamin A, Fe and Ca) for the thrifty food basket were covered. Considerations of national and international dietary guidelines promoting health and preventing diseases included fats, 15–30%; carbohydrates, 55–75%; proteins, 10–15%; saturated fatty acid, less than 10%; simple sugars, less than 10% energy; and total vegetables and fruits, more than 400 g. Solver was used as a Microsoft Excel add-in program to optimize the optimal and thrifty food basket values. To apply sustainability considerations, two environmental indicators of water and carbon footprint were calculated for the baskets. Results: The recommended per capita quantities of food in grams per day for the optimum food basket of Iran-1402 included bread, 290; rice, 70; pasta, 25; legumes and nuts, 30; potatoes, 70; vegetables and fruits, 200; red meat, 30; white meat (chicken and fish), 60; eggs, 40; dairies, 300; vegetable oils, 35; and sugar, 30. In the key micronutrients, riboflavin and vitamin A were provided more than the necessary quantity and iron and calcium in a range of 80–85% of the requirement. The optimal food basket designed-2023 included 5% less water footprint and 2% less carbon footprint than that the optimal food basket did for 2013. Mild increases in the environmental sustainability of the optimal food basket-2023 was majorly due to decreases in the share of meats, fruits and rice and increases in the share of legumes, compared to the food basket-2013. Increasing the quantity of dairy products is one of the reasons that weaken the environmental sustainability of the novel optimal food basket. Conclusion: Availability of sufficient appropriate nutrition is a human right and a prerequisite for comprehensive sustainable development. Optimum and thrifty food baskets include a big step towards a healthier and more prosperous future for everyone. It is necessary to design and implement food and nutrition policies at macro-levels and continuously assessment and monitoring of their effects on the households and individuals.

Purpose: Present bias, the tendency of people to discount their future preferences in favor of more immediate gratification, is one of the most common behavioral biases in financial and economic issues which is derived from the economic theory of self-control (Xiao & Porto, 2019). The research on financial and economic issues has shown that people with present bias have high discount rates (Benhabib et al., 2010), spend more than usual, save less (Pinger, 2017,Goda et al., 2019), invest less (Kim & Nguyen, 2022), have higher debt (Meier & Sprenger, 2010), are not committed to repaying their outstanding debt (Kuchler & Pagel, 2021), and it is even possible for those who have poor financial management due to limited resources to do more budgeting and less planning (Xiao & O'Neill, 2019). Therefore, with regard to the present bias of people, it is hypothesized that people with present bias have less correct financial behaviors. This arises from a previous research about the impact of present bias on everyday financial behavior. Hence, following Xiao and Porto (2019), the present study seeks to investigate the relationship between present bias and a set of financial behaviors regarding spending, borrowing, saving and money management. Methodology: The examined sample was selected through convenience sampling using paper questionnaires among the staff and faculty members of the University of Ilam. A total of 202 staff and faculty members completed the questionnaire. Using the method of Xiao and Porto (2019), an exploratory factor analysis was done to reduce the variable number and the name-dependent variables according to the concept of financial behaviors. Ordinary least square was used to analyze the associations between the variables. For each financial behavior variable, as a dependent variable, there were three models. In model (1), only the present bias variable was the independent variable. In model (2), the present bias squared term was added to detect if there was any nonlinear pattern. In model (3), the control variables were added to examine if the present bias variables still displayed associations when these control variables were added. Based on fourteen financial behaviors and according to the exploratory factor analysis, the dependent variables were classified into managerial behavior, impatient behavior, naive behavior (according to Xiao and Porto, 2019), thrifty behavior and borrowing behavior. The independent variable was the present bias variable measured by the question "I intend to live in the present more and do not consider the future". The participants responded on a 1-5 scale. The control variables included age, monthly income, gender and education. Results and discussion: Examining models (1) and (2) showed a negative and significant association between present bias and managerial behavior. It means that, when present bias increases relatively, individual's money management behavior becomes weaker. This result confirmed the association in two stages (models), but, in Xiao and Porto (2019), this association was confirmed only in one stage (model) without the presence of other variables. Therefore, the result of this study is more robust than that of Xiao and Porto (2019). Examining the association between present bias and impatience behavior in model (1) showed that there is a positive and significant association between present bias and impatience behavior. But, in models (2) and (3), the coefficient of present bias was negative, and the squared coefficient of bias showed a positive number, which indicates a U-shaped association between present bias and impatient behavior. To some extent, the hypothesis of a positive relationship between present bias and impatient behavior was confirmed. This means that the association is initially negative and then positive. At lower levels of bias, the tendency to spend decreases with the increase of bias, and, at much higher levels of bias, the tendency to spend increases with the increase of bias. This result is not completely consistent with the findings of Xiao and Porto (2019). In their study, there was a positive and significant association between present bias and impatient behavior in three stages (models). Thrifty behavior, as a new variable not identified in Xiao and Porto (2019), is the tendency to choose affordable goods by the individual. The estimation results of models (1) and (3) showed a negative and significant relationship between present bias and the tendency to choose affordable goods. In other words, as present bias increases relatively, the tendency to buy affordable goods decreases. Regarding the relationship between present bias and naive behavior, as well as preset bias and borrowing behavior, significant effects were not found in models (1), (2) and (3). Conclusions and policy implications: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between present bias and a set of financial behaviors through the convenience sampling of the staff and faculty members of Ilam University. The results of the research showed that there is a negative and significant association between present bias and money management behavior. There is a U-shaped association between present bias and impatient behavior. There is also a negative and significant association between present bias and thrifty behavior. The results of this study can promote effective financial decisions at the individual level and contain messages for activists, planners, and policymakers in the financial and economic fields. The results may help to formulate, implement, or modify policies.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Environment and its conservation is one of the present issues in risky modern life. Although, the present world has been improving during last years, it hasn’t been able to solve environmental problems and it has caused its deterioration. Littering in jungle, seashore, public places and passages is one of the significant environmental issues in society of Iran. The Purpose of the present study is investigation of the reasons of littering formation by the approach of Causal Layered Analyses (CLA) and planning scenario. The present study analyzed the layers forming the present social issue and searched the origin of it. In order to accomplish this study, 15 experts in environment and society were interviewed by Qualitative and exploring method and applying deep interview technique. Then, after exploiting the contents and content analysis of interviews, their opinions presented in 4 forms as litany, systematic, discourse analysis and metaphor. By applying the present discourses, the gap between state-people and people-people were recognized as important variables and were applied in presenting scenario. Finally 4 scenarios presented in a diagram which can help strategists and officials of the society.

This study was conducted with the aim of " An analysis of the socio-cultural antecedents and environmental awareness of thrifty consumer behaviors in the field of water consumption management" among the citizens of Kashan. The research approach is descriptive-analytical with an applied purpose and is based on the face-to-face survey technique and the use of questionnaires. The statistical population included citizens over 18 years of age in Kashan, who were selected as a sample size using a regression analysis method of 180 people using cluster sampling. The results of the descriptive part of the research showed that the average of water-saving behavior was 90. 9 and above the average. The inferential findings revealed that there is a significant and positive relationship between religiosity and religious affiliations, environmental culture, attitude towards water consumption, awareness and knowledge about water consumption, and responsibility with a tendency towards water-saving consumption behaviors. Also, religiosity and religious affiliation with a total effect of 0. 745, followed by the variables of environmental culture (0. 327), attitude towards water consumption (0. 261), and responsibility (0. 18), respectively, had the greatest effect on water saving behaviors among the citizens of Kashan, and the total of the variables studied explained 70% of the variance in water saving behaviors.